Monday, April 19, 2010

2010 Boston Marathon


It was a sparkling spring day for this year's Boston Marathon, a 26.2 mile run from Hopkinton to Boston. Before the race these people had prepared a welcoming sign in chalk for Tina, who is clearly a Canadian. The first runner to step on Tina's artwork was Teyba Erkesso, from Ethiopia, who won the women's race. You see her whizzing by in this picture at mile 19, where she was far ahead of the pack. She finished in 2:26:11, edging out the next person by a mere three seconds.



The men came next, clumped together bit more at mile 19. But by the end, Robert Cheruivot from Kenya pulled away, finishing in 2:05:52. He beat the next runner by almost two minutes.


I was looking for, but missed, my colleague Scott Kashman, CEO of St. Joseph Medical Center in Kansas City. He ran a very respectable 3:10:30.

As was the case last year, BIDMC's Dr. Doug Horst was part of a large group of runners who were raising money for the American Liver Foundation. You see him here, near the 24-mile mark, still in good spirits.


Some friends, including a couple of soccer buddies, invited me to play in their band at mile 23 or so. Instruments included African drums, a piccolo, gongs, sticks, and, of course, a sousaphone. The ensemble was well appreciated, especially by the "less elite" runners who were still coming by late in the afternoon.

Volcanic ash moves east

My pilot friend sent this update last night:

The volcanic ash has just about reached North America. Some flights tomorrow are canceled in Newfoundland! I doubt it will spread significantly in North America since the prevailing winds blow from west to east, but it is still amazing.

Here's a story from CBC News.

Sunday, April 18, 2010

Rock and Roll Jihad at Harvard

Professor Ali Asani, a friend on the faculty of Harvard, hosted a wonderful conference this weekend entitled, "Contemporary Muslim Voices in the Arts and Literatures." You can see the program here. Asani, who is Professor of Indo-Muslim and Islamic Religion and Cultures, organized a marvelous mixture of music, poetry, film and other art forms. The two days demonstrated how the arts can be integrated into the traditional view of the academy to bring greater depth of understanding of political, cultural, and religious issues.

After the formal conference, there was a special treat. Salman Ahmad, the world famous Pakistani Sufi Muslim musician, visited one of the Harvard dormitories and gave an impromptu concert and talked with a small group of people about his experiences. Ahmad explained a bit about his new autobiography, Rock and Roll Jihad, which explains how he became a musician notwithstanding tremendous cultural and religious objections.

Ahmad also related an interesting story about cultural misunderstanding. He had been invited to perform at New York City's upcoming Earth Day celebration, but he was uninvited when someone decided that a performer who talked about jihad would not be appropriate. In Ahmad's view, though, jihad means striving in the way of Allah, "not the meaning that has been kidnapped by terrorists."* After this was made clear to the Mayor's office, he was re-invited to perform in the concert.

--
As he notes on his Twitter page, @sufisal: "Jihad means to strive, struggle, overcome the ego, and to find your purpose NOT commit violence and/or spread terror."

My speech to the hospitalists

Several of my readers have asked me to post this link to the speech I gave a few days ago at the Society of Hospital Medicine. I listened to it and think it is ok. Please let me know what you think.

Discount to FELA!

The Migraine Research Foundation offers discount tickets to the hit Broadway musical FELA! The show tells the true story of Fela Kuti, the legendary Nigerian musician, whose stirring Afrobeat rhythms ignited a generation.

Whether you live in New York City or plan to visit, this is a great way to see a terrific show and also help the Foundation's work. Twenty percent of the ticket costs goes to the Foundation. Click here for tickets.

Saturday, April 17, 2010

Fallout from Iceland volcanic eruption

A pilot friend writes:

This is the map of the flight restrictions due to the volcanic ash. Unprecedented. Solid red=low level (surface-20000 ft), dashed red=high level (20000 ft - 35000 ft).

More from the Washington Post here.

Friday, April 16, 2010

Feed me!

There is a fascinating article by Justin Sonnenburg from Stanford in the April 8 edition of Nature (Volume 464, 837-838) entitled "Genetic pot luck." I'm sorry that you need to pay to get full access, but here is the major point.

It turns out that humans are not designed to digest the kind of seaweed that is used to make sushi. However, if you eat enough of it, you ingest enough of the marine microorganisms that live on seaweed that they serve to help you digest seaweed. But it is not just colonization by these microorganisms: It comes about when the microbiota in your gut acquire genetic material from these other organisms through a process called lateral gene transfer.

With regard to the particular problem of digesting the nori used to wrap sushi,

The analysis revealed that these [genetic] sequences are abundant in the intestinal microbiomes of Japanese individuals, but not in the microbiomes of residents of the United States. The authors conclude that seaweed, which is prevalent in the Japanese diet . . . was probably the source of the microorganisms that introduced the useful genes. Although it is not clear when in human history the transfer, or transfers, of these genes occurred, continuous consumption of seaweed is the likely selective force that drove the retention of this "polymorphism" in Japanese
microbiomes.

Wow. How about that!

Now, for me, this raises the reverse question. Once we have evolved to be able to metabolize seaweed, do these bugs in our gut notice when we don't eat it for some period of time and cause us to have a craving for maki? In other words, do they send a message to the brain that somehow says, "Feed me sushi?"

(Thanks to former HMS Dean Joe Martin for telling me about the article.)

The sleaze factor

Here's the down side of the Internet, which otherwise has produced such good for the world. As reported by the Washington Post, a media-owned blog published a report about a public official's personal life, based on an unsupported comment by someone who has an interest in hurting the Administration. Although ultimately withdrawn, you can bet that the story has its own life now and is spreading to other sites.

Tax Day message

A friend forwarded this link to me. It is an article posted yesterday by James Tracy, Headmaster of Cushing Academy, entitled "The Joy of Tax." I think it is a nice reminder that part of the price of a strong society is our commitment to funding the government -- to provide essential services and to help those in need -- both of which functions our economic system is not designed to deliver. An excerpt:

Well, today is That Day, April 15th, and I seem to be the only person smiling. Leaving the post office after dropping off my tax payments, I have the same warm feeling I get when I leave WalMart after finding a good bargain. It is all the rage these days to rail against taxes and vilify government. Why doesn't this get through to me? My idea of a Tea Party is to pay my taxes gratefully then enjoy a cup of Earl Grey.

....Any human organization on such a scale is going to have corruption and inefficiencies, but, compared to the rest of the world, the American civil servants, overall, do a stellar job keeping us all safe, well, and provided with opportunities to better our lot. So I pay my taxes with a sense of patriotic pride, knowing that I am helping others as I have been helped and also that I continue to benefit.

Thursday, April 15, 2010

Jon leaves. Glen takes over.

The State House News Service reports:

Jon Kingsdale, a former insurance industry executive who worked as the first executive director of the state's Connector Authority, will step down in June and be replaced by Glen Shor, a senior member of Gov. Deval Patrick's fiscal team. The changes at the top of the authority comes four years after Kingsdale was selected to help launch the new authority, which has focused on running a subsidized insurance program called Commonwealth Care and launching a Commonwealth Choice program aimed at delivering health insurance options to families and individuals. Shor has worked for the past three years as assistant secretary for health care policy and deputy general counsel within the Executive Office of Administration and Finance.... Before joining the Connector, Kingsdale, who was appointed by former Gov. Mitt Romney, worked as senior vice president of policy development at Tufts Associated Health Plans. In a press release, Kingsdale said Massachusetts had "built the model for national reform." About half of the estimated 400,000 individuals in Massachusetts who have obtained insurance since the 2006 law passed have enrolled in plans through the Connector.

Many thanks to Jon for doing a superb job, one which he essentially had to invent from scratch. He did it all with excellent judgment and thoughtfulness and respect for the wide variety of constituent groups in the state. Congratulations, too, to Glen, who brings his own wisdom and experience to the position.

Senator Murray offers her plan

For my out-of-town readers who are following this: Liz Kowalczyk and Rob Weisman report in the Boston Globe on the next stage in the Massachusetts story about insurance rates. Our Senate President, to her credit, has become the de facto policy leader on this very tough issue.

Wednesday, April 14, 2010

How much would you bid for a $10 bill?




I have taught many negotiation classes over the years, and I continue to do so at my hospital. The attendees include students, doctors, and administrative people. It is a very interactive session, with several simulation exercises used to demonstrate some of the principles of the field.

I often present one game that is an auction. I offer to sell a $10 bill to the highest bidder. Here are the rules: Bids start at $1 and must go up in $1 increments. The winning bidder wins the $10 bill and pays me the amount of his/her bid. The second place bidder wins nothing but must also pay me the amount of his/her bid.

What do you think happens? Well, usually there are two bidders who have trouble stopping. The person in second place offers a new bid in the hope of being the higher bidder and getting the $10. Then, the other person, not wanting to pay money for no return, feels the same way. I think the highest price I have received over the years for the $10 was $24 (and $23), which netted me $37.

This game is illustrative of what happens during wars and lawsuits and other fruitless types of negotiations, where the parties lose track of their underlying interests and the value of the matter in question.

We only reached $14 (and $13) this week. Later, the "winner," one of our fine neurologists (and one of my soccer buddies), sent me this note:

Paul,

As a scientist, after the class yesterday, I immediately searched for explanations of what happened during the “Ten Dollar Auction” game. I had a particular interest in my behavior and the others’ reactions. I made significant revelations. The paradox of irrational decisions on rational choices worked perfectly.


I have found the following very interesting aspects and facts:

  1. In the overwhelming majority of games, both the highest and second highest bidders will pay in excess of the amount the group is auctioning.
  1. There are four major components of the players’ behavior:
  • prospect of winning for a small upfront investment
  • trapped near the $10 level by not wanting to lose the bid
  • remaining consistent with the earlier commitment to avoid being judged foolish to enter the bidding war
  • ego, competition, rivalry
  1. Yesterday I think the limbic emotional part of my brain overruled my higher level cortical thinking driven by my academic high ego and soccer player-coach competitiveness.

The general lesson I learned from this game and from my search is the following:

  1. Ego and competitiveness in a competitive and adversarial environment leads to irrational escalation of commitment, which beyond the “Ten Dollar Auction Game” lessons has very important implications for organizational behavior.
  1. According to Gregory P. Smith, international business consultant, this auction game is very effective for demonstrating the benefits of internal competition and the possible downsides of an adversarial environment.
  1. While internal competition can generate enthusiasm and energy, cooperation can prevent the irrational escalation of commitments (bidding war). Maybe this is why high ego academic professors can not and should not run academic medical centers?

It was fun to learn so much.

Thank you.

Tuesday, April 13, 2010

VAT on the horizon

Several months ago, a friend met with a high government official and expressed concern that the new health care bill would be more expensive than people were saying. "Oh yes," said the official, "In several years, the United States will pass a value-added tax to cover the cost."

After the bill passed, Charles Krauthammer wrote this column in the National Review saying the same thing:

American liberals have long complained that ours is the only advanced industrial country without universal health care. Well, now we shall have it. And as we approach European levels of entitlements, we will need European levels of taxation.

I believe that a VAT is a move in the right direction. (I distinguish for the moment between amounts of taxation and the form of taxation.) Current tax policy in the United States discourages saving and investment and rewards consumption. Think of the double taxation on what you earn as salary and then what you earn as interest on your savings; think of income taxes on corporate profits and then again on the dividends you collect. A VAT avoids those problems.

The problem with a VAT is that it is regressive in nature, affecting lower income people more than wealthier people because lower income people spend a bigger percentage of their income on consumables. But you can adjust for that with income-based rebates or exemptions.

But, there is the danger that this tax will be able to be increased with little public scrutiny. It will not necessarily be visible because it is added at each stage of production, and so Congress could just jack it up whenever it wants. Also, you don't hear talk of reducing other taxes as this new one is introduced. That is why some people are nervous, like the gentleman quoted here:

Jon Hurst, president of the Retailers Association of Massachusetts, said he fears a value-added tax would simply be used to fund new programs....

The costs of health care reform were intentionally designed not show up in a big way until well into the next Presidential term. It is thus likely that it will be a few years before the debate begins in earnest, but it is on the horizon.

Dr. Aroesty goes the distance


We had our annual service awards reception last night for people who have worked here for a long time. The "winner" was cardiologist Julian Aroesty. Michael Keating wrote the following story:


Of the many highlights Julian Aroesty, MD, Cardiology, has had during his stellar 45-year career at BIDMC, there is one that overshadows all others – “Getting a job here in the first place!”


Aroesty’s eyes light up with a bright smile as he recalls the day he came to Boston to interview for a Senior Resident position. He met with Hermann Blumgart, MD, George Kurland, MD, and A. Stone Freedberg, MD, who told him there were three things they expected of every physician who worked at Beth Israel Hospital.


“First, they said that everyone has to be a good physician and take care of patients; even those who worked in the labs had to rotate on the medical service for two months so they’d never forget this job is about taking care of patients,” he said. “Second, they said you have to love to teach because our job is to teach the next generation. Third, they said we all have to advance medicine and basic science. Well, after the interview I said to myself, ‘This is the place for me.’”


But it wasn’t as easy a choice as he makes it sound. Aroesty is a first generation American who comes from a small community of Spanish-speaking Jews in Rochester, NY. The community traces its lineage back to those who were expelled from Spain in 1492 and went to Turkey where they continued to speak Spanish for 500 years despite being in a non-Hispanic country.


“I thought about staying in Rochester and being the first physician to the community, but the offer to come here was so good I decided to take it,” he said. “My mentors were men like Drs. Blumgart, Kurland, Freedberg and Paul Zoll – millions of patients the world over have been saved by Zoll’s research (heart monitors, pacemakers and defibrillators). Working with people who love to teach is such a huge thrill.”


New Beginnings

The cardiac catheterization lab had only recently opened when Aroesty accepted an attending position. “My job was to make it busy, make it high quality,” he said. “I went out and spoke at all the neighboring hospitals. I was half-time person, half-time in the lab and half-time in my private practice. My wife said this was actually double-time. She was right, of course, because most days I would leave at 7 in the morning at get home around 9 at night. But it’s been a wonderful, thrilling career.”


Aroesty met his wife, Elaine, a nurse practitioner, when she was a nurse at BI. “She’s gorgeous and wonderful,” he said with a smile. “I met her, wooed her and married her. Everyone was chasing her, but I caught her – I still don’t know how, but I did.”


Now, at age 78 and-a-half, Aroesty says he’s starting to slow down so he can spend more time with his grandchildren. “My wife calls this retirement on training wheels,” he joked. In fact, that’s why he wasn’t able to attend this year’s Service Awards event – he was visiting his grandchildren in San Francisco.


Among the other highlights Aroesty recalled was the day in the mid’80s when Mike Lipman, then Director of Admissions, called him into his office and said, “I want you to know you’re the number one admitter to the hospital. What’s more is that you admit 50 percent more patients than the number two admitter.’ I did that by establishing relationships with doctors in the community who knew I never turned off my beeper and I never had an unlisted phone number – and my patients knew that too. I never took off Wednesdays, never joined a country club. I just devoted myself to the job -- and I loved it!”


He also loved the people he worked with. “This is a wonderful hospital because of all the people who work here,” he said “The nurses are truly dedicated and absolutely wonderful, and so are all the people who work on the floors. They’re the reason this is such a special place.”


Changes in the Lab

There have been many changes in the lab over the years, but one of the most important is in imaging. “The big difference is that going from film to digital gives us a much lower radiation exposure - to the patent and to us,” he said. “My first experience with cardiac catheratization, in the early-‘60s, I actually had to look into the X-ray tube to guide what we were doing. It wasn’t on a separate monitor. So the X-ray beam was coming up through a florescent screen into my eyes. I was reasonably protected, but this is what we had to do at the beginning.”


Over his career, Aroesty has performed more than 20,000 cardiac catheterizations and more than 2,000 angioplasties. “I was always very cautious and not afraid to send a patient to surgery if I felt it posed a better outcome,” he said. “I always said to myself, ‘If this was my father, or if this were me, what would I want?’”


That’s a guiding principle he strives to teach his students.


“Sometimes you’ll see something that we could easily fix with a stent, say a proximal LAD lesion in a young guy,” he said. “And the fellow standing next to me says, ‘Let’s go for it.’ I say, ‘No, we’re going to send this guy to surgery for a LIMA.’ He says, ‘Why, we can fix it.’ I say, ‘I know we can fix it. The risks of both procedures are about the same, but he’s 50 years old. The LIMA lasts forever. The stent doesn’t. If this were you, which one would you want?’ He says, ‘Well, I guess I’d take the LIMA.’”


It’s these lessons (being thoughtful about what modality is best for each patient) that returning students say they appreciate most from their time as fellows.


“When they come to talk to me the thing that really pleases me is that they tell me the most important thing I taught them was judgment,” he said. “They say, ‘You taught me to really think about what I was doing rather than just going forward with the lesion-fix. Knowing that there are many ways to fix a lesion and that we have to choose the best one.’”


Aroesty also jokes that his lessons don’t always have their intended effect. “I once heard that a fellow who was on duty when I came in at 3 a.m. to help a patient decided to switch from cardiology to anesthesiology,” he said. “This fellow said that if this is what Aroesty is doing at 3 a.m. when he’s in his 60s, then I want to be doing something else. I laughed when I heard that, but honestly, it’s energizing to get up in the middle of the night and save a life. How many people have a job where you can do that?”

Monday, April 12, 2010

Imani Winds with Stefon Harris -- Special price


There is a very special performance occurring at Boston's Jordan Hall this Friday night, April 16.

Imani Winds with Stefon Harris
Friday, April 16, 8pm
NEC's Jordan Hall


The Grammy-nominated wind quintet Imani Winds' innovative programming and ground-breaking collaborations have been enriching and diversifying traditional wind quintet repertoire since the group was founded. For this performance, Imani Winds teams up with the enormously gifted jazz vibraphonist and composer Stefon Harris. The program will feature the Boston premiere of a new work written by Harris, and co-commissioned by the Celebrity Series of Boston.

Here's the deal. There are still some tickets left for this show. Because I am on the Board of the Celebrity Series, I have been authorized to make a special offer to my readers here. If you contact the Celebrity Series and tell them that you heard about this performance on my blog, they will give you a 50% discount off the ticket prices -- making them $20, $22 & $25. You can do it by phone at 617.482.6661 (Monday-Friday from 10am-4pm) and save the $5 per ticket fee, or you can order on-line here and use the following code, PLIMAN (in all caps). The offer ends Friday 4/16 at noon.

I look forward to seeing you there.

Sunday, April 11, 2010

Will a lava lamp work on Jupiter?

Let's start out the new week on a lighter note. I came in on the end of an email conversation among several of my MIT classmates. (We have exchanges like this. It might come from taking physics and calculus together. It might be indicative of some other problem. I'm not sure.)

Dave to Bill and Doug:

OMG. Look at this:

Lava Lamp Centrifuge

Would a Lava Lamp work in a high-gravity environment such as Jupiter? Would the wax still rise to the surface? Would the blobs be smaller and faster? With broad disagreement on the answers, I built a large centrifuge to find out.

http://neil.fraser.name/hardware/centrifuge/

Aside from being highly dangerous (the builder describes several scenarios), he did get the answer.

Bill to Dave and Doug:


Well, inquiring minds want to know

Doug to Bill and Dave:


This falls under the heading of what I call "rabid research", wherein some nut job decides to answer a seemingly unimportant question with a proper scientific experiment. Correctly done, it should involve serious overkill & inventiveness.

Nicely done!

---

Mr. Fraser's video is below. If you can't see it, click here:

As he notes:

The centrifuge is a genuinely terrifying device. The lights dim when it is switched on. A strong wind is produced as the centrifuge induces a cyclone in the room. The smell of boiling insulation emanates from the overloaded 25 amp cables. If not perfectly adjusted and lubricated, it will shred the teeth off solid brass gears in under a second. Runs were conducted from the relative safety of the next room while peeking through a crack in the door.


Huh?


One of the treasures of the Boston area park system is the Blue Hills Reservation. It is managed by the state's Department of Conservation and Recreation, and the agency does a marvelous job with its upkeep and maintenance.

But what is this sign about? The context is seen in the photo to the right: A tree next to the path. Maybe someone from the agency can reply with a comment.

In the meantime, for fun, you can offer your own thoughts.

Friday, April 09, 2010

Hospitable hospitalists


I was invited to give the keynote address at the national meeting of the Society of Hospital Medicine in Washington, DC. SHM is committed to enhancing the practice of hospital medicine by promoting education, research and advocacy and has more than 10,000 hospitalist members. They asked me to speak on "The hospitalist's role in the hospital of the future." (Here's a story they wrote afterward.)

Who should I run into but our own Chief of Medicine, Mark Zeidel, who had been invited to be the featured visiting professor for the conference, providing mentoring and insight to those in attendance. You see Mark here with Scott Flanders, Director of the Hospitalist Program at the University of Michigan Health System and President of the SHM.

Hospitalists are now the largest specialty group in medicine in the country, with approximately 28,000 in the profession overall. As noted by panelist Ronald Greeno (on the right), they have a key role to play in improving quality and reducing waste in the hospital environment. He was joined in those sentiments by Patrick Conway and Leslie Norwalk, who further expanded on the implications of the recently passed health care reform act.

About 2,500 people attended this session, including strong representation from BIDMC and several alumni of our program who currently work at other hospitals in the country. Joe Li, one of the first hospitalists in Boston, was voted to be President-elect of the Society and will serve as President next year. Joe has had leadership roles regionally and has also served as the Treasurer of SHM. Congratulations for this well deserved honor!

Watching the MA laboratory of democracy

People from other states would be wise to watch the sequence of events happening here in Massachusetts with regard to health insurance rates. As I described below:

Things are playing out just as one might predict in the Massachusetts small business and individual insurance market. The Insurance Commissioner
turned down proposed rate increases, the state's insurers appealed to the courts, and now they can't write policies.

Now, Rob Weisman at the Boston Globe reports on yesterday's hearing in Suffolk Superior Court. The insurers argue that the action by the Insurance Commissioner is arbitrary and capricious, the traditional standard used to overturn a decision by a regulatory agency. The Division of Insurance argues, in part, that the insurers have not used up their administrative remedies before the agency, another traditional argument. A ruling is expected on Monday.

Meanwhile, columnist Scott Lehigh offers thoughts on "The State's great health care standoff," noting that "Unease is in the saddle in the state’s health care sector, and chaos looms on the horizon." He says,

Everyone is awaiting the next big political development. And here it is: Senate President Therese Murray will step into the breach when she speaks to the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce Wednesday, unveiling a proposal she hopes will resolve the great health care standoff.

Senator Murray is a thoughtful and decisive person, and I, for one, look forward to her taking the reins here as many other elected and appointed official ignore the remarkable conclusions reached by the Attorney General. Just a few weeks ago, the AG issued a report, after months of study, in which she clearly explained that insurance price increases in the state were the result of two factors, the underlying increase in health care costs and a disparity of reimbursement rates that pay some providers substantially more than other providers. "Price variations are correlated to market leverage as measured by the relative market position of the hospital or provider group compared with other hospitals or provider groups within a geographic region or within a group of academic medical centers."

She also noted that the movement by some insurers and providers to capitated contracts did not result in a different growth rate in underlying medical costs from the traditional fee-for-service payment method. "Variations in providers’ per member per month expenses are not correlated to the methodology used to pay for health care, with expenses sometimes higher for globally paid providers than for providers paid on a fee-for-service basis."

In a comment below on one of my posts, astute observe Barry Carol offers the following thought. While he focuses on just one of the better paid hospital-doctor systems in his first paragraph, his second paragraph makes it clear that his approach could apply more broadly to others as well:

As I see it, the key problem from the insurers’ perspective is that employer customers felt it was absolutely essential to have Partners in their networks because that, presumably, is what the employees wanted. While narrow or limited network insurance products are quite well accepted in CA especially, it’s a different story in MA. Harvard Pilgrim, I believe, offered an insurance product that did not include Partners in the network but it didn’t gain much traction with customers.

This is why I keep coming back to disclosure of contract reimbursement rates and quality information to the extent that it’s measurable to help referring doctors steer their patients toward more cost-effective healthcare choices. I think that’s the best and most viable way to create countervailing power against Partners and other hospital systems with significant local or regional market power. Insurers could develop a mechanism to reward referring doctors who actually do this most effectively but they would need the price and quality information first. I think I know why insurers resist disclosure of contract rates but I don’t know why the regulators do.

To which I add one other thought in my comment on Scott's article:

Let's also look at the 10% of premiums used by the insurers for administrative costs, a percentage that has stayed remarkably steady over the years. As overall premiums have gone up, the number of dollars collected for non-medical costs has risen dramatically. Other financial services industries have been able to achieve improvements in their administrative and transaction-related expenses. Why has that not been possible in the health insurance field?

And just to make it clear that providers have a role, please review what I have said below about the potential for real quality improvement and cost savings to be achieved. An excerpt:

[I]t is possible for the participants in the health care system to accomplish major changes in the rate of medical cost inflation. Two articles have this theme. One is by Business Week's Catherine Arnst. The other is by Lucien Leape, Don Berwick, and others in Quality and Safety in Health Care. Both are worth reading, and they overlap in recommending several areas -- reducing infections and other preventable harm; empowering patients and families to participate in their care; and disclosing and apologizing for mistakes.

[T]here is a remarkable consensus on these items, and yet hospitals and doctors often fail to implement them. . . .


It is not unusual for industries facing structural change to be slow to move. Why? Because the leaders of those industries were promoted based on their success in the past financial, political, and social environment. They were hired for their ability to maintain the status quo, rather than for their ability to make change. Eventually, though, societal forces make themselves felt. If an industry does not adapt, the government will step in.


That is what we is happening right now in Massachusetts. Watch us closely, other 49! Do we go the route of short-term political expediency and bad regulatory policy, or do we show the wisdom and maturity to put in place directionally appropriate policies? There is an old legal expression: Hard cases make bad law. As things founder in the judicial and executive realms, brava to Senator Murray for having the courage to step in.

Thursday, April 08, 2010

A no-brainer

Jennifer Devine is a fellow at BIDMC in Cognitive Neurology. She writes:

I'm training for the Boston Marathon, as a fundraiser for AccesSport America, a Boston-based program that organizes sports programs for adults and children with disabilities. To attract attention to the cause, and to inform people about the role of exercise in the maintenance of overall health, I'm posting blogs on details of my research interest (exercise and cognition in brain injury) and various posts about my pre-medical life as an Olympic athlete. The latest post, "Your Brain on Exercise", is especially relevant to a general audience.

Please check this out and help Jennifer with her cause.

Catch this (fish)

I know I am playing into the hands of two commercial enterprises, one of which I patronize (with pleasure!) and one of which I know hardly at all. By repeating this, I am helping them go viral, but I think they deserve it because of the creativity they show. Here's the letter:

Hi Paul,

Our client, Legal Sea Foods Restaurants, wanted to spread the word that no one has fresher fish than they have.

We wanted to do something unexpected that makes the point and gets some buzz going.

As one of their restaurants is adjacent to the Boston Aquarium, we opportunistically placed a sign for the restaurant right next to the direction signage to the aquarium.

We made these signs and actually put them up.

Yes, a bit of a stunt, but strategically right on the money. That's the kind of work we like to do.

Best,

Kristen Czyzak
DeVito/Verdi
New York, NY

Wednesday, April 07, 2010

Sarah and Amy get acquainted

OK, this is not a big deal in some ways, but it is a nice story about communication between the academic staff and the administrative staff in our hospital. I like what this email exchange stands for -- environmental concerns, staff concerns, safety issues, etc., but especially the respect that our folks show to one another.

To whom it may concern,

My name is Sarah, and I have been here for three years as a researcher in the Neurology department in Palmer 127. I bike here to BIDMC everyday from Somerville, which takes about half an hour, rain or shine, blizzard or intense heat. For the majority of the time I have been here, I have locked my bike outside the railings of the Farr building (directly across the street from the emergency room in the West Campus). Last week, however, I received a note from public safety notifying me to lock my bike elsewhere because it is a hazard to lock my bike along the railings outside of Farr.

For the most part, I do not see how my bike being locked there can be a hazard. It is merely an exit—and not even the main exit—and not many people traverse that way. The part that bothers me more however was that public safety suggested I lock my bike in one of the garages instead. I tend to work late and not leave until well after dark, and as a woman, I am incredibly anxious about walking into a garage alone when most people have already left. For this, I find it unsettling and ironic that public safety suggest I lock my bike in the garage. If they are indeed concerned about my safety, they would have suggested otherwise.

Prior to construction work right outside of the Farr building entrance, there used to be bike racks opposite of the Farr building entrance. While these racks were not sufficient during the heart of summer when most people chose to bike here, they provided additional spaces to lock bikes. The majority of them have since been removed a few months ago when construction took place there.

I merely ask that these bike racks be put back where they were (opposite the main Farr entrance). Barring that and my desire to not lock my bike in the garage, is there another area relatively open and near the Farr building where I can lock my bike if public safety feels that I cannot lock it outside the railings of Farr?

As a hospital and health institution, I hope BIDMC supports those who wish to promote a healthy lifestyle by biking. I do not believe that placing the bike racks back where they were would intrude on anything.

Thank you for your time and consideration,
Sarah

Hi Sarah,

Thank you for your email. It was both timely and helpful. As someone trying to encourage more employees to ride to work, I want to thank you for continuing to do so.

I understand your frustration with having the racks in front of the Farr Building moved so I want to first explain why we needed to do that. Earlier this year the hospital began a series of projects designed to make the facilities more accessible to patients with a variety of disabilities. As I have begun looking for more rack locations I have learned that what looks like plenty of space to a biker is often not enough clearance to a wheelchair or false information to a blind person navigating a railing with their hands. We attempted to communicate the reason for the relocation via the portal and an email to managers but it is clear that we did not succeed in reaching everyone so I want to apologize for that.

When I learned that the racks needed to be relocated my priority was to find safe sheltered spots that could serve as a fair substitute for the spaces being lost across from the Farr entrance. I ruled out several locations that did not pass my "5 '2" female leaving alone after dark" test. We decided to put them in the garages because there are parking garage attendants in both West Campus garages. In LMOB the racks are right next to the booth and has the added of advantage of being accessible directly from the building. In Pilgrim, you need to walk by the booth to get to your bike. Since you are one of our hardy cyclists who ride, regardless of weather, I hope you will feel comfortable using the garage spaces, particularly on days when you want to protect your bike from the weather.

That said, we share your expectation that bike traffic will increase as the weather warms up so Chief Casey has been working for awhile to get more racks added. Space is a challenge, but we have identified a few spots in well let areas closer to some entrances so we hope to have some racks installed soon.

A similar email exchange with a bike commuter last week was really helpful in changing the criteria I was using to find additional spots. Doing so opened up a few more options, so please feel free to contact me both with any questions about this email or any thoughts for alternative locations.

Thanks!

-Amy Lipman, BIDMC Environmental Sustainability Coordinator

Dear Amy,

I would like to thank you very much for your quick response. It is really great to work at a place where people (especially the executives at the top) take your concerns seriously and try to implement a solution right away. I think that is thoughtful and wonderful and though I have limited experience with the customs here in the U.S. (I am from Switzerland and have spent a total of three years here), I am almost certain that this is a sign of the openness and community of BIDMC. I am very grateful for that.

That being said, I have thought about the bike racks again and have three suggestions for possible locations. Though these locations may not be the most viable, I am merely keeping the conversation open and exchanging ideas:

1) How about replacing the parking spots opposite to the Farr entrance with bike racks? Hardly any handicapped people get out there and most people park right in front of the entrance, along the sidewalk anyway.

2) How about racks in front of the Main entrance of the West Clinical Center (similar to the racks in front of the Joslin Diabetes Center)? There is plenty of space - again especially for the cars - and some of that could be yielded for bicyclists? Or even under the awning, there would probably be some space for both pedestrians and bikes.

3) How about converting some space in the emergency room parking lot? While there is no overhead sheltering, space is abundant and seem like a decent place to lock some bikes.

I know by now that cars are really important to Americans and that it is just normal for them to put the car anywhere. While I understand everybody would like to be in front of the main entrance, arguing for bicyclists, I think it’d better if such spaces could be shared between bicyclists and motorists?

I apologize for being bold, and I don't mean to offend anybody. I am grateful for the opportunity to openly share my concerns and suggestions. Thank you!

Best,
Sarah


Hi Sarah,

Thanks for your thoughtful response and your ideas. Even if we can't put racks in the exact locations you suggested, hearing your suggestions helps us understand priorities as we look for places that can work. It sounds like the closer to the building entrance the better. Sheltered spots are helpful, but you'd be willing to trade shelter for proximity. This priority list echoes that of a second bike commuter who sent me some suggestions. Initially we prioritized sheltered spots, resulting in covered spaces far from main entrances. For the next set of racks we are going to prioritize proximity to building entrances.


In response to the specific locations you suggested, I am afraid they won't work, so I wanted to quickly explain why. As I walked past MIT last night I couldn't help but notice all the of bike racks lined up under major buildings, some of them running the length of the building, and all of them filled almost to capacity. The sight of them made me jealous. Most of the people I interact with are the 7,000 or so healthy employees who come in and out of here every day. Many of them are trying to find greener ways to get to work. However, as a hospital, our primary mission is to treat people who aren't 100% healthy. This means we need to share our streets, sidewalks and entrances with patients, many of whom are here to treat conditions that limit their mobility or who have received treatments that temporarily impede their mobility. Add the challenge of being on 2 sides of a busy street and we find ourselves much more reliant on motorized transportation than a place like MIT or typical office building that caters to a vibrant healthy population. This means that we need to a decent amount of car access available for ambulances, patient drop-off and shuttles. Like handicapped spaces in a parking lot, the key here is that they have to be available even if they are underutilized.


While we can't put racks in any of the places you suggested, we have identified places that I hope will be almost as good. The rack in Lowry that was installed incorrectly is going to be moved outside the Deaconess building on the concrete slab next to the entrance to public safety. My hope is that it will serve the bikes that can't find space on the racks under the bridge. It isn't sheltered but both you can see both the WCC and Farr entrances from it. We are hoping to have this moved on Monday.


If we are able to purchase more racks for the West Campus, the plan is to install them to the left of the WCC entrance. There are two jogs in the building, just past the shuttle stop, that give us enough extra sidewalk space to put bike racks.


Thanks again for thoughts and suggestions. I look forward to your feedback on the new locations.


-Amy

It's easier to beat up the insurers

Things are playing out just as one might predict in the Massachusetts small business and individual insurance market. The Insurance Commissioner turned down proposed rate increases, the state's insurers appealed to the courts, and now they can't write policies.

Meanwhile, policy-makers ignore the underlying causes of the problem:

Just a few weeks ago, the Attorney General issued a report, after months of study, that explained that insurance price increases in the state were the result of two factors, the underlying increase in health care costs and a disparity of reimbursement rates that paid some providers substantially more than other providers.

As noted by my colleague Ellen Zane, in remarks consistent with the findings of the AG, "The funneling of dollars disproportionately among hospital and provider groups serves to warp the overall system balance."

Taking a page from the debate on national health care, local officials seem to have decided that it is easier to beat up on the unpopular insurance companies rather than address the root cause of the problems. Here, though, the insurers are non-profits. If they are forced to charge prices below those that are based on actuarial determinants, there are no shareholders to absorb the losses. The most direct result is a reduction in capital reserves, a key metric the Division of Insurance is statutorily charged to protect.

I see a salad, so I choose the fries

I was talking with the MBA students at Duke's Fuqua School of Business about the obesity epidemic in the United States, and they told me about some interesting research published last year. Gavin Fitzsimons, professor of marketing and psychology, and his colleagues describe an effect called "vicarious goal fulfillment." Excerpts:

In a lab experiment, participants possessing high levels of self-control related to food choices (as assessed by a pre-test) avoided french fries, the least healthy item on a menu, when presented with only unhealthy choices. But when a side salad was added to this menu, they became much more likely to take the fries.

...
Although fast-food restaurants and vending machine operators have increased their healthy offerings in recent years, “analysts have pointed out that sales growth in the fast-food industry is not coming from healthy menu items, but from increased sales of burgers and fries,” Fitzsimons said. “There is clearly public demand for healthy options, so we wanted to know why people aren’t following through and purchasing those items.”

An abstract of the article from the Journal of Consumer Research is available here. (You will need a subscription to read the full text.) Here's another quote from the news story:

“[T]he presence of a salad on the menu has a liberating effect on people who value healthy choices,” Fitzsimons said. “We find that simply seeing, and perhaps briefly considering, the healthy option fulfills their need to make healthy choices, freeing the person to give in to temptation and make an unhealthy choice. In fact, when this happens people become so detached from their health-related goals, they go to extremes and choose the least healthy item on the menu.”

Readers, is this what you do? Does this ring true?

Tuesday, April 06, 2010

Blue Devils fans





Fortunately, my presentation at Duke's Fuqua School of Business did not conflict today with the celebration at Cameron Indoor Stadium welcoming back the victorious men's NCAA championship team. If it had, no one would have come. But as you can see from these pictures, many of the students came from that event in appropriate attire.

A good day to be at Duke


I am honored to be meeting with a group of MBA students at Duke University's Fuqua School of Business. (By the way, it is a very good day to be at Duke!)

Many of them are part of the Health Sector Management Program. The Faculty Director, Dr. Kevin Schulman, is in this picture on the left.

Alarms should go off in our heads

There is a quote about telemetered alarms that caught my attention in a recent Boston Globe story by Liz Kowalczyk about one of the Boston hospitals:*

“If you went to any hospital floor in America where there is monitoring and asked the doctors and nurses, they would say there are too many alarms and too much background noise,’’ said Dr. Gregg Meyer, senior vice president for quality and patient safety.

Gregg is excellent at his job, and I believe him to be correct on this point. Hospital people around the country would likely admit him to be correct, too. We found that to be the case in our hospital and, like MGH, made some changes in our use of telemetry as a result.

This is a classic problem in human factors engineering. There is a recent article on the topic by Heather Comack at Health Leaders Media.

As in other complex settings like power plants, safety systems are often added in response to sentinel events that have occurred or because of regulatory concerns. But the addition of safety systems carries the risk that those systems themselves cause new safety problems to arise.

I am sorry to say that this is yet another area in which the hospital world is woefully behind other industries. We lag in understanding how to undertake process improvement and in training our medical staff to understand care delivery systems, but we fall even farther beyond when it comes to human factors engineering.

Maybe Don Berwick can use some of his knowledge and skills at CMS to help move this along, but I think he can only nudge. Change must come from within the hospitals themselves, but we need to be modest about what we know and borrow shamelessly from other industries.

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*I mean in no way to cast aspersions about a sister institution by writing this post. BIDMC has been through a similar regulatory review to that described in the article, by the way, but related to other types of issues. The topic raised in the Globe article has broad implications for all institutions, and that is why I write today.

Monday, April 05, 2010

Should we let the death issue die?

Did you read yesterday's New York Times article by Anemona Hartocollis, entitled "Helping Patients Face Death, She Fought to Live"? It was about a palliative care doctor who faced her own end-of-life issues in a very different manner from the way she would have advised many of her patients.

An excerpt:

[A]s the doctors began to understand the extent of her underlying cancer, “they asked me if I wanted palliative care to come and see me.”

She angrily refused. She had been telling other people to let go. But faced with that thought herself, at the age of 40, she wanted to fight on.

While she and her colleagues had been trained to talk about accepting death, and making it as comfortable as possible, she wanted to try treatments even if they were painful and offered only a 2 percent chance of survival.

It is never right to be judgmental about these matters. Each person faces this kind of situation in his or her unique way, and we have no right to dispute the choices people make.

But I was struck by how this doctor personified the public policy debate that surrounds terminally ill patients. Here's a an example of that kind of discussion from Canada (single payer, government run system!):

The high cost of dying has more to do with soaring health care costs than the aging population does, according to the Canadian Institute of Actuaries. In its submission to the Romanow commission on the future of health care, the institute said that 30 to 50 per cent of total lifetime health care expenditures occur in the last six months of life. Noting the sensitivity of the subject, the group suggested greater use of less expensive palliative care and living wills.

Dr. Pardi's experience shows how hard it is to go from a policy-level discussion of such matters to the decisions made by individual patients and their families. Without giving credence to the nasty and politically inspired debate about "death panels," the ambiguity in such situations suggests the difficulty in adopting formulistic approaches to the decisions around end-of-life care.

Besides abortion, it is hard to think of a part of medical practice that is more likely to be politically divisive and personally uncomfortable. Given that, is it worth the debate? Alternatively, how can we best have a productive discussion about it?

Sunday, April 04, 2010

Fenway Park at sunrise

The Red Sox have a tradition of mailing out a photo of sunrise on Opening Day. Here it is.

Adverse selection

There is an excellent article by Kay Lazar in today's Boston Globe about a perverse result in the Massachusetts insurance market that has been partially responsible for the higher insurance rates in the individual and small business sectors. Here's the lead paragraph:

Thousands of consumers are gaming Massachusetts’ 2006 health insurance law by buying insurance when they need to cover pricey medical care, such as fertility treatments and knee surgery, and then swiftly dropping coverage, a practice that insurance executives say is driving up costs for other people and small businesses.

Wikipedia offers a concise description of this adverse selection problem:

The term adverse selection was originally used in insurance. It describes a situation where an individual's demand for insurance (either the propensity to buy insurance, or the quantity purchased, or both) is positively correlated with the individual's risk of loss (e.g. higher risks buy more insurance), and the insurer is unable to allow for this correlation in the price of insurance.

Friday, April 02, 2010

Concierge service?

A funny cartoon by Christopher Weyant in the March 8, 2010, New Yorker here, entitled, "On the upside, you're only one heart attack away from reaching our platinum V.I.P. status."

My big mistake

I want to tell you a story about corporate governance, a mistake I made, and the lessons learned.

Years ago, I was a member of the Board of Directors of a publicly traded company. Our CEO and senior management presented us with a take-over offer from another company. We did our due diligence, and we determined that the deal was in the best interests of our shareholders, and we approved the buy-out.

But, here was the mistake. The Board acted as a passive recipient of the CEO's proposal, leaving us only with the ability to "take it or leave it" or perhaps suggest minor modifications. We had not insisted on an opportunity to participate in the negotiations independently of the CEO while discussions were going on with the ultimate purchaser or with other possible suitors.

Part of the deal included a very generous payout for the CEO and a few other senior managers. That payout added no value to our shareholders, and indeed reduced the value to them. In essence, we had let the self-interest of the CEO drive a portion of the transaction that reduced its value to the public. We had not recognized the potential for a conflict of interest, to the detriment of the people we were supposed to represent. We failed in an aspect of governance responsibility.

I believe that this problem may be common in corporate takeovers. If a Board does not do its job properly, the public is left only with the power of elected officials or regulators to make sure that this kind of conflict of interest does not result in personal gain for a CEO and reduced value to the public.

Thursday, April 01, 2010

April flowers bring Sox showers








Christine from Case Management sent me this today:

Good Afternoon, Paul,

I have attached some photos of flowers around BIDMC that I’ve taken over the past day or two. I never travel without my camera, and as the recent foul weather has given way to some sunshine and warmer temperatures I have found myself struck by the beauty of the flowers and greenery that are beginning to emerge. Springtime is always good for the soul! I love the random pictures you sometime post on your blog, so if you feel like sharing any of these, please feel free.

One last thought, especially given that the REAL start of Spring (sacred to this lifelong Bostonian and devoted Red Sox fan) is only three days away at Fenway, I can’t help but share with you that when I was looking at the beautiful magnolias outside the Farr Building this morning, I found myself thinking of George Scott talking about hitting a tater for Magnolia, his mother (do you remember that?)…a kind of crazy random thought I realize, but one that made me smile and that really is always a good way to start any day!

Go Sox!

Regards,
Christine

Wait a second . . .

You know how you sometimes read a newspaper story and then, a few days later, you say, "Wait a second. How could that be true?"

Steven Syre and Robert Gavin at the Boston Globe wrote this column on the recently announced acquisition of the Caritas Christi system by a private equity firm. The thesis presented by people they interviewed was that Caritas could gain market share by being "a competitive lower-cost provider of medical services in Massachusetts."

Well, that got me thinking. I reviewed the recent report prepared by the Attorney General comparing reimbursement rates for the hospitals in the state. This chart, displayed at the recent Division of Health Care Finance and Policy cost trend hearings, shows the rates paid to the Caritas Christi community hospitals compared to their competitors in the same geographic areas. It turns out they are not the lower-cost providers.

In the Brockton area, Caritas Good Samaritan competes with Brockton Hospital. See the map below to see how close they are. Good Sam is paid more.


North of Boston, Caritas Holy Family competes with Lawrence General, and it is paid more. In and near Boston, Caritas Carney competes with Milton Hospital and Quincy Medical Center, and it is paid more. In Fall River, Caritas St. Anne's competes with Southcoast Charlton Memorial, and it is paid more.


The article's premise was that, in a cost-sensitive medical environment, the Caritas Christi hospitals would become attractive alternatives to the Boston teaching hospitals. However, if relative costs of care actually start to be determinative of where people seek care, why wouldn't these other community hospitals be even more attractive alternatives? How would that affect the business plan posited in the story?

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Note that this discussion is based on current insurance company payments. It does not reflect the increased costs that a for-profit system will face: Property taxes; sales taxes on the purchase of goods and services; taxable debt; and a return on equity. Plus whatever amount of money the Attorney General might recommend to fund a new community-centered foundation. Perhaps the investors feel that they can make improvements in efficiency to offset these increased costs and avoid the need to ask insurance companies for higher rates. But to underprice those neighboring hospitals, i.e., to reverse the current payment pattern by having lower relative rates, would require dramatic efficiency gains.